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有关“中国是否需要文艺复兴”的探讨，目前已变成到底中国需要“个人觉醒运动”还是需要“社会复兴与道德重建运动”的论争，“文艺”暂且被放在了一边。刘军宁和崔卫平二位先生选择前者(但也并未排斥后者)，认为可借助文艺达致国人对“个人尊严”的觉醒；秋风先生选择且只选择后者，认为中国“放纵的、原子式的和物质主义的个人”及其文艺已经过剩，因此无需“文艺复兴”，相反，倒是需要一场“让个人学会与他人共同生活”的社会复兴与道德重建运动，以形成保护个人尊严的“元规则”，才是当务之急。
　　
　　“空荡荡的个体”？

　　秋风先生的《道德重建、社会建设与个体尊严》一文让我感到困惑之点有二：
1.他批判了欧陆启蒙主义运动的“建构论唯理主义”，推崇“以英格兰普通法传统为经验基础的英国个人主义传统”，但是他给中国问题所开的“社会复兴与道德重建运动”的药方及其论述方式，却是“建构论唯理主义”式的，因篇幅所限，不能在此详加分析。

2.他关于“个人”、“个体”的描述和想象只局限于人类的动物性或物质性存在，因此一谈及“个性解放”，就是对个人“动物性欲望”的完全放纵，这是他反对“中国文艺复兴”的道德基础；而他所提供的惟一救赎之路，就是“让个人学会与他人共同生活”，“让每个人具有在与他人的互动中生成此类规则的能力(“规则”指的是道德规范、法律规则、商业惯例、文化习俗等等——引者注)。这种能力在空荡荡的个体身上是无从发现的”。我注意到，“个人”一词在上述引文中皆为宾语，它被祈使动词“让……学会”、“让……具有”牢牢夹住，暗示出“个人”在秋风先生观念中的完全被动性与可灌输性；而“空荡荡的个体”这一描述，更表明秋风先生对“个体”内涵的意识空白。这种关于“个人”、“个体”的言说方式，恰恰也是“建构论唯理主义”式的，而非“经验论个人主义”的。

　　“个人”、“个体”到底意味着什么？是否张扬“个体”就必然导致个人与公共生活的脱节，而使人陷入原子化和动物化的境地？在当下中国，精神成熟的个人尚未普遍长成之前，由无数不成熟的个体所参与的“社会复兴与道德重建运动”(假设这种运动果真能够来临的话)，可能结出成熟的果实——健康公正的“元规则”吗？

　　问题的关键，我以为不在西方的文艺复兴运动和启蒙主义运动功过如何，以及西方的“个人”、“个体”概念究竟怎样，而是在于我们对自身困境的症结如何认知，以及解决路径如何寻找。也正因此，刘军宁先生提出的“中国文艺复兴”命题显现出价值，因为他切中了中国“个人”精神不成熟的要害。
　　　
　　爱与好奇的“个人”　　

中国文化传统以宗法秩序为价值核心，没有完整的“个人”观念。“五四”知识分子虽曾高扬“个性解放”的旗帜，也是以“光大宗邦”为旨归，并无成熟的“个人”意识。及至当下，人文学者虽借镜西方一些思想，提出“个人优先”观念，亦是出于建立“宪政框架”之必需，因此对“个人”内涵的探讨，单单侧重社会－历史的物质功利层面，而对其超越性的精神审美层面，殊少观照。由此可以解释，为何当下知识分子在制度干预的道路上一旦遭遇挫折，就会对中国现实的改进感到完全无能为力———这是“知识功利主义”的必然结果：既不相信个人的精神存在、精神建设之意义，又无力改变国人的物质存在状况，于是知识者只能陷入思维和行动的虚无与停滞之中。

　　因此，这种“个人”的精神不成熟状态，首先应当用以描述中国的知识分子自身；而中国若果真会有一场“文艺复兴运动”(姑且这么叫罢)，则首先应当是知识分子的自我成长与精神健身运动，在此一过程中，他们与公众分享精神成长的经验，并共同走向成熟。

　　诚然，成熟与不成熟都是相对的，但对于“精神成熟”，本文愿意遵循一条近乎悖论的界定：爱与好奇的能力。这超乎天然的热忱童真，恰恰能引人走向精神的成熟。——苏格拉底饮鸩之前对看望他的伙伴们说：“我请你们思考的是真理而不是苏格拉底。”“请记住，无论生死，邪恶不会伤及善人。”他的第一句话证明了人类的真理智慧之爱超越物质生命欲求的真实性，第二句话则启示了信仰的全部真谛，而使生命达致自由之境。这是“精神成熟的个人”的极端范例。无庸置疑他太特殊，也太难了，但他所昭示的生命价值观却不难实现。正如文艺复兴巨匠达·芬奇所言：“知与爱永成正比。知得越多，爱得越多；爱得越多，知得越多。”

　　爱与好奇建立起个人与世界之间外向的超功利关系，“个人”因此既不是封闭而空空荡荡的，也不是纯物质性和动物性的，而是开放、快乐且流淌着精神之溪流的超功利主体———尽管他也从事物质功利的生存，但这种生存是为了更好地探寻“万物之理”，探寻自身与整体性存在的真切关联，在此种行为中，个人确认生命的意义。无论何种时代，这都是“精神成熟的个人”的题中应有之义。从古希腊的德尔斐神谕“认识你自己”，到文艺复兴时期蒙田的家族徽章“我知道什么？”，再到康德建议的启蒙运动口号“敢于知道———开始罢！”(引自贺拉斯的诗句)，直至十九世纪末尼采的“重估一切价值”，都提醒着这一真理：把超功利的智慧认知，视作个人最深刻的道德和增进精神成熟的基础。

　　虽然多年以来，中国关于“个人”、“个体”、“主体性”的哲学著译已汗牛充栋，但是我们从未像现在这样，对“爱与好奇的个人”、“精神成熟的个人”、“超功利的个人”萌生出如此普遍和自觉的探索欲求。精神成熟的个人时代将在中国开始了吗？如何开始？
　　
　　文艺：审美的拯救

　　哈罗德·布鲁姆说过一段著名的话：“莎士比亚或塞万提斯，荷马或但丁，乔叟或拉伯雷，阅读他们作品的真正作用是增进内在自我的成长。深入研读经典不会使人变好或变坏，也不会使公民变得更有用或更有害。心灵的自我对话本质上不是一种社会现实。西方经典的全部意义在于使人善用自己的孤独，这一孤独的最终形式是一个人和自己的死亡相遇。”但经典艺术家并不因此是被动的，其“增进内在自我的成长”的作品，对人类而言乃是一种审美的拯救。这是比任何社会－历史的短暂得救更永恒的救赎。它们构成人类精神的故乡。
　　当代中国的文学艺术，有多少作品可给人精神还乡之感？可“致人于善美刚健”，出人于精神之“荒寒”(鲁迅语)？有多少作品可让我们感知爱、智慧、信仰与自由，让我们感到自己与存在本身的血肉关联？有多少作品让我们感到生命的深刻肯定性，创作者富于力量和启示的主体性，其观察世界的超越日常的澄澈目光，其神性与诗性******欲与苦痛，其对生命之无限与不朽的真切体验与接近？……
　　当这些精神吁求纷纷落空于当下的创作实绩时，我感到中国的文艺家和我一样，需要一场自我成长与精神健身运动。但它必得有别于以往的那种口号泡沫式的思想文化运动，而是一场立足于精微深远之域的哲学和文艺实践的漫长旅程。而它之所以被作为“运动”提出，仅仅是因为，对自我和世界的肯定之爱与超功利认知，对个人之精神成熟的深广探索，需要获得创造者们更普遍的共识。

英语最后四天冲刺指南
下面是我作的考研英语最后四天冲刺的资料，有兴趣的看看吧！

一、 作文

1． 认真把我写的2001-2006年的真题复习、朗读、力争背诵2-3篇自己特别喜欢的文章，。
2． 再把我作的高分词汇替换认真朗读！
3． 按照考试的时间和要求写大作文和小作文各一篇，写完之后，分别与第二天和第三天认真修改2遍，（修改和检查的要求及事项、作文题目、我写得范文见后面，修改了2遍之后，再对照我的范文认真揣摩）！
4． 常见错误检查清单和 必须避免的习惯性错误！见后面的清单！

二、 词汇

我列出了90个短语，对重要的作了一些注解和例举！

三、 阅读理解和翻译

把2006年的阅读理解真题和翻译题，朗读2-3遍，分三天完成！

四、 充足的睡眠

从今天开始，保证每天的睡眠时间不少于8-9个小时！这一点非常重要！

附录一

常见错误检查清单
1. 时态的确定和使用（如果无具体的过去时间，对给出的图画的描述，一般采用现在时态，如现在一般时，现在进行时，现在完成时）
2. 主谓一致（名词的单复数，第三人称动词））
3. 句子的连接（逗号不能连接两个相对独立的句子）
An old father sit on the ground, looks like a football.（典型的错误）
4．一些常见的固定搭配
a. to 作为介词的几个特列：
be accustomed to doing sth, 习惯于做某事
be attributed/ascribed to doing sth 归因于。。
be reduced to doing sth 被减少为，被减弱为。。
b. 只能接动名词，不能接不定式作宾语的动词。
记忆歌诀：这些词后面只能够接ing分词作宾语，不能接不定式作宾语！
建议完成多联系，喜欢想象禁不住。
(suggest, finish, practice, enjoy, imagine, fancy, can’t help, resist)
逃脱冒险莫原谅，忍受嫉妒不在意！
(escape, risk, pardon, stand, endure, envy, mind)
c. 介词短语搭配：
eg. Be capable of doing sth, the ability to do sth, accuse sb of sth, be charged with sth, in hope of , by contrast, etc.
5．写不好主题句：一定要确保主题句万无一失，提前在其他地方写好后，在抄写到答题纸上！
6．论述的口水话过多
7．过于中文化的说法
8．连接、衔接、转折的副词不会使用：背诵高分词汇替换的那部分！
9．字数不够：又长又臭比又短又臭好 ！
10．段落之间要留一行空格
11. 字迹不工整
12．单词拼写的大小写不注意，拼写不准确（多拼、漏拼等）。

考研作文常被扣分的误用单词

1． Spend …on , spend… in doing sth花。。。在。。上
2． On one hand, on the other hand.一方面，另一方面
3． I despaired:错误的说法
正确的说法是 I am reduced to despair，I become hopeless, helpless, desperate
4． The left picture, the right picture左边的那张图片，
正确的说法为：the picture on the left or the picture on the right
5． 特别注意冠词an 和a 的使用：如：An youngster，An universal phenomenon，这两个都是错误的说法，应该用a
6． Economic development经济的发展. He is very economical.他很节约，经济学为：economics
7． Like的用法:like 作动词的意思是喜欢，做介词的意思是：象。。。
8． The end point , the start point?这两个都是典型的中文错误说法！

大作文模板

1. 图画寓意题
2. 数据描写题
万能数据描写公式：
A + V(上升，下降，保持平稳)+adv. (稳定地，急剧地，大量地)，from F1 in Y1, to F2 in Y2, and finally (eventually, consequently) to F3 in Y3, while,
B + V(上升，下降，保持平稳)+adv. (稳定地，急剧地，大量地)，from F1 in Y1, to F2 in Y2, and finally (eventually, consequently) to F3 in Y3。
动词：
变化：vary, fluctuate,
上升，增长：jump, rise, soar, skyrocket, amount to, grow, balloon,
下降，减少：drop, decline, be reduced to , plunge, slump, be lessened to,
副词：
稳定地：steadily, constantly, continuously,
急剧地：sharply, dramatically, drastically, critically,
很大，很好：substantially, tangibly, remarkably, amazingly, incredibly, impressively, tremendously, enormously, surprisingly, astronomically, fantastically,
很大，很坏：cancerously, shockingly, monstrously, disastrously, horrifyingly, ridiculously, nightmarishly,

附录二

阿杰老师推荐的考研常考短语90个
1. abide by (=be faithful to ; obey)忠于；遵守。
2。be abundant in, 大量存在，盛产。。
3．have access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近,进入,了解
4 of one’s own accord自愿地 ,主动地
5 in accord with 与…一致out of one’s accord with 同….不一致 , with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地
6 in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照, 根据
7 on one’s own account
1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益 ; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因 也不; (=in no case, for no reason)绝不要 ,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)
8 take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去
9．account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明,占了。。。比例，
10. accuse…of指控,控告
11. be accustomed to doing sth. (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于.
12. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解;&nbs p;(=to have met socially) 熟悉
13. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) ; 使自己适应于
14. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new n eed) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要)
15. adhere to粘附; 坚持, 遵循
16. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应;
17. amount to (=to be equal to) 总计, 等于.
18. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁. appe al to sb. 对某人有吸引力
19. approve of vt. 批准
20. assure sb. of sth.向…保证, 使…确信.
21. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 缚, 系 ,结,
Eg. On different occasions, President Hu Jingtao attaches great importance to the strategy of revitalizing China through science and education. 胡锦涛书记多次强调科教兴国的重要性！
22. make an attempt at doing sth. (to do st h.) 试图做…
23. attribute…to…把..归因于.., 认为..是..的结果
24. (be) aware of意识到,知道.
25. in bulk 成批地,不散装的，大量地
26. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假设
27. be capable of 能够, 有能力,可能。。。，
重点：即可以表示能力，也可以表示可能性：
如：Desperate criminals are capable of anything!穷凶极恶的歹徒啥事都干得出来！
be capable of being +过去分词:是能够被…的
28. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一
in the case of 至于…, 就…而言
29. commit oneself to 使自己承担… commit sb. to prison把某人送进监狱; commit one’s idea to writing 把某人的想法写下来; commit a matter to a committee 把某事交给委员会讨论，
该短语还可以表示“致力于做某事。。。”
30. compensate for;补偿, 赔偿,弥补
31. comply with 遵守, 依从
32. conceive of (think of, imagine, consider) 想象,设想
Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal! (from Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln)
八十七年前，我们的先辈们
（选自林肯总统的《葛底斯堡的演说》）
33. condemn：注意该词表面上翻译为：“谴责，责备”，其实骨子里的意思是：惩罚！
如：Satan was condemned to eternal suffering in the hell!
撒旦被上帝打入地狱，遭受永远的折磨！
34. confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth. wrong) 承认, 供认;
35. confidential 机密的
36. confine…to… 把…限制在某范围内
37. conform to符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey服从; 2) observe; 3)
comply with照…办;遵循; 5)abide by服从;6)stick to按..做
consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意
consist of (=be composed of)由…组成的.
Consist in主要在于.
Be consistent with符合,与…一致，与。。兼容
38. contribute to 有助于，引发。。。（结果可好，可坏）
Queen Elizabeth II regarded the chain smoking as the leading contributor of the premature death of her husband!
翻译：伊丽莎白女万二世认为她丈夫之所以英年早逝，其罪魁祸首是抽烟过多！
39. be critical of 爱挑毛病的，批评的
4０. deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物
41. derive…from从…取得,由…来的,起源于
42. in despair 绝望,。
注意：我绝望了的英文说法为：I was reduced to despair. I am in despair. I become hopeless. I become desperate !
写作的时候，坚决不能写为：I despaired!这是典型的错误！
43. deviate from 偏离, 不按…办
44. dispose of (=get rid of ,throw away ) 处理掉
45. (be) distinct from ( = be different from) 与…截然不同
46. economize on =be economical in 节省
47. exert…on… 对…施加…
48. exert oneself to do sth. 努力,使劲
49. be exposed to… 面临…, 受到…., 沉浸于。。
Be exposed to the elements of nature: 饱受日晒雨淋，风吹雨打
Be exposed to the language and culture since childhood. 自孩提时代起，便受到该语言和文化的耳濡目染！　
50. fall short of 没达到, 低于
51. have a fancy for (没有道理地)喜欢, 想要
52. furnish…with (=supply) 向…提供
53. hinder…from(=stop…from)阻碍,使..不能做
54. be identical with(=exactly alike)和完全相同

55. be identified with 被视为与…等同, 与。感同身受，与。。有共鸣等！
The reason why rock
The priority of the course can be identified in the following three aspects.
本课程的重点体现为以下三个方面！
56. have/exert a profound impact (on) 对…的强烈影响
57. impose…on 把…强加给
To impose punitive tariffs on 对。。施加惩罚性关税！
58. impress…on 给…留下深刻印象。 Impressive
The last two decades have witnessed the impressive growth of China’s economy!
中国过去二十年经济突飞猛进！
59. indicative of 表明, 说明
60. be indifferent to (=not interested in)对… 漠不关心, 冷淡, 不在乎
61. (be) inferior to比…差; superior to比…好
62. insist on (=order sth. to happen) 坚 持要
63. interfere in干涉, interfere with打搅,干扰
64. at intervals 每隔一会儿, 每隔一段距离
65. be involved in 卷入, 参加
The Red Cross International has been actively involved in rescue efforts all over the world.
国际红十字会组织一直都在全世界各地致力于救死扶伤！
66. at length 终于；详细地
67. be liable to (=be subject to)易于收到（不好影响）..的,应受(罚)
68. be liable for 对…应负责任的
69. it occurs to sb. that… 某人突然想到…
It occurs to me that I forgot to lock the door!
我突然想起我忘记锁门了！
70. originate in/from起源于,由..引起
71. on the outskirts (of) 在城郊
72. persist in 坚持,固执
With persistent efforts, he eventually achieved his dreams!
经过坚持不懈的努力，他终于实现了自己的梦想！
72. prefer…to… (choose rather, like better) 宁要, 更喜欢
73. prevail over 占优势, 压倒, 战胜
Justice will ultimately prevail over evil.
邪不胜正！
74. prior to (=before) 在…之前
75. proceed from; 由…发出, 由…引起(产生)
proceed with 继续进行
76. in proportion to 与…成比例
77. at random (=without aim or purpose) ;随便地, 任意地, 胡乱地
78. to one’s relief 令…感到放心的是
relieve…of… 解除,解脱;帮助拿,辞退
Knowing that his wife survived the crash, he was greatly relieved!
知道自己的老婆在空难中获了下来，他心里悬着的一块石头终于落地了！
79. resort to 诉诸于.., 求助于…
resort to force 诉诸于武力
80 . restrain…from(=hold back from)抑制..不..
81. restrict…to(=keep within limits)把..限制于..
82. sensitive to 对…敏感; sensible (of)觉察到的; sensational耸人听闻的
83. be shocked at / by 对…感到震惊
84. stick to 粘着, 坚持
85. subject…to(=cause…to experience)使受..到, 易受到…的
The treaty is subject to the approval of the congress before it takes effect!
该条约在生效之前，还须经国会批准！
86. submit…to 提交
87. suspect sb. of 疑心某犯有… be suspicious of (=not trusting)对…有疑心
88. in vain (=uselessly) 徒劳
89. in the vicinity 在附近;
90. yield to 对…屈服,投降,让步,顺从


附录三：重点推荐的大作文、小作文题和我自己写的范文

第一篇：
Directions: Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the cartoons briefly;
2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,
3) give your point of view.

情人节PK元宵节 春节危险
我写的范文： 元旦节PK情人节
The pair of cartoons presents an embarrassing contrast of different fate of traditional Chinese festivals and western holidays. In the first cartoon on the left, the Festival of Lanterns is “knocked out” by the western Valentine’s Day, while, in the second cartoon, the traditional Chinese Spring Festival, a symbol of Chinese culture, is increasingly described as dangerous and gradually replaced by Christmas, with its amiable smile and gifts. The cartoons here remain profoundly thought-provoking!
Far from being an individual case, it reflects a tangible social phenomenon, namely, the overwhelming popularity of western culture among the Chinese, accompanied by the radical decline of Chinese culture and traditions. It is acknowledged that both the Festival of Lanterns and the Spring Festival symbolize important Chinese cultural traditions while both Valentine’s Day and Christmas used to be western cultural counterparts. As China steadily adapts itself for better economic opportunities, it also becomes increasingly Americanized. The decline of the two traditional Chinese festivals here serves as an added testimony to that increased Americanization of Chinese society and culture.
My point of view remains fundamentally negative on this social phenomenon. Any nation, to enjoy a sustainable development, must learn to cherish its cultural traditions, while embracing the economic globalization and integration, instead of dismissing its culture and traditions all together. Chinese society and culture are no exceptions to this shared wisdom in economic development and cultural revitalization. I, thus by repeating the ancient conviction of Socrates, the prominent philosopher human history ever knows, call for serious attention to this phenomenon of cultural Americanization and strive for counter-measures!
第二篇：


Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled “On the Key Responsibility of a Professor” In the essay, you should
(1) describe the picture
(2) interpret its meaning
(3) give your opinion about the phenomenon.
On the Key Responsibility of a Professor
The picture presents a vivid, yet satirical dilemma a professor encounters in his academic research and teaching responsibilities. Standing high on a pile of academic publications is an old professor, wearing thick glasses and assuming an arrogant and complacent air, while, sitting below are his students, who shout to remind him that the blackboard is right down there! The illustration here is profoundly thought-provoking!
Far from being an individual case, it reveals a common phenomenon and the serious problems in universities. Nowadays, professors in China indulge themselves in academic research and always think about how get their papers published. “Publish or perish” has become their motto. On the other hand, however, students are increasingly dismissed and alienated from professors. That is the reason why college students have some many complaints.
This phenomenon, as I am firmly convinced, is extremely harmful and dangerous. It is a truth universally acknowledged that teaching forever goes before research for any professor in universities. Professors are, first and foremost, educators before they are researchers. If professors, as is revealed here in the cartoon, continue to dismiss their teaching responsibilities, most of the college students would end up as uninspired graduates and, consequently our nation will suffer a lot. Undoubtedly, professors shall never forger their mission, and devote their life to fulfilling that mission in teaching and education, as Confucius, the renowned educator, once observed.
小作文：
Directions:
You heard that one of your friends failed in the entrance examination of postgraduate. Write a letter to him which should include the following information:
(1) express your regrets;
(2) encourage him to try again;
(3) hope to see him in high spirits.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need write the address.

Dear Li Lin,
I am very sorry to hear that you failed to pass the entrance examination to the graduate school, and I know how difficult the past few weeks must have been for you.
Please accept my heart-felt consolation.
However, no matter what happens, you should try one more time next year. You are such a smart, industrious and admirable friend. I am thus sure that you will be successful.
I hope you will be in high spirits soon, since you are an optimistic and strong-willed mind, who will never stand to be a discouraged and depressed loser.
Best wishes!
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming